The number of people who died unnatural deaths in the twentieth-century West— death through violence or politically motivated deprivation—is truly staggering, with the number of victims reaching well into the tens of millions. Why was the twentieth- century West so violent? Explain what you think are the three most important factors that led to such bloodshed and killing over the century. Overall, was this high death toll attributable to the same factors we have seen causing violence in the West throughout the semester, only on a larger scale, or were there unique new elements in the twentieth century that especially contributed to the brutality?

To answers this question, you need to:
• Decide what you think were three major factors that made the West so violent in the twentieth century.
• Go beyond just summarizing or describing the violence of the West in the 20thcentury—you need to offer a thesis that takes a clear position on the question, and then use your essay to support this argument with convincing evidence. You also need to make sure you put 20th-century violence in its larger historical context, as the last part of the question calls for.
• Keep in mind that violent events are not the same thing as the reasons for the violence. Citing World War I, World War II, and the Cold War as violent events that led to great bloodshed would be less effective than using these (or other) examples as evidence for deeper reasons why the century was so violent. In other words, it would be more impressive if you could explain why World War II was so violent than if you just describe its brutality.
• Use examples and evidence from lectures as well as readings to support your argument. Essays that do not use any of the non-textbook readings (the course reader documents and/or Maus) will not receive a passing grade.

• Length: 900-1100 words. This will come out to roughly 3-4 pages, depending on your font and margins, but it must be at least 900 words. (You need not count the words yourself—any word-processing program will have a word count tool. It’s OK to go a little over 1100 words. It is not OK to submit less than 900).

• Format: your essay should be double-spaced, and typed in a reasonable 12-point font with standard margins (Hint: nothing makes you look more desperate than using a font like Courier New that noticeably stretches the text. If in doubt, use Times New Roman).
• Please highlight or underline your thesis sentence in your introduction, and make sure you submit your Pre-Submission Checklist on Blackboard.

• This is not a research paper, but a paper designed to evaluate how well you can use material from this class—readings, lectures, and discussions—to present and support

a convincing historical argument. Therefore, you may not use sources from outside our class.
• All quotes or references to specific reading passages must be properly cited to avoid plagiarizing. If you have any questions about what does and does not constitute plagiarism (some cases of plagiarism are due more to carelessness than an intention to cheat), do not hesitate to ask me.
• To cite a source (the book or a document) from our class, you need only put the author’s name in parentheses at the end of the sentence that contains the quote or reference, followed by the page number. For example: “Man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains” (Rousseau, 19). Note that the quotation mark comes at the end of the quote, while the final punctuation comes after the parenthetical citation.
• You need not cite lecture material.
• Since all of your sources will be drawn from this class, you do not need to include a Works Cited page.

• Since history is a collaborative effort, you may work together with your classmates as you think about the issues involved in writing your essay. However, you are on your own for the writing process, and your final essay must be your own unique product.

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