Develop four general causal loop diagrams, one each for the four phases of the spread of nonnative forest insects and pathogens: Absent, Localized, Spreading, and Pervasive (see Lovett et al. Fig 2). For each diagram depict the appropriate policy(ies) that would reduce impacts. Provide supporting background discussion of the diagram based on general aspects of non-native species’ impacts, the technical viability of the policy, and costs implications.
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