Please answer two of the following questions in essays of approximately 4-5 double-spaced pages EACH. Your answers should be thoughtful, well organized, clearly written, and demonstrate a command of the material covered in the readings and lectures.The questions have been designed to be answered on the basis of the required readings for the course; if you wish to use other readings you may do so, but there is no expectation that you will. Do take care to cite sources (including course readings) when you use them with page numbers, particularly when you quote them.

A word of warning. The questions are intentionally broad, and I am sure that some of you could go on at great length in answering any of them. The challenge in that case is to compress what you know into something close to five pages, making your points and supporting them with pertinent historical details.

Question 1. Describe the role played by trade in the history of Sino-European relations from Yuan times to the Opium Wars. In your answer you should consider both the commodities that were traded and the merchants who engaged in the trade.

Question 2. Chart the changing literary and visual representations of China by Westerners from the 13th century centuries to modern times (the 19th-20th centuries). Does the history of that representation divide into discernable periods? If so, what were those periods and what were their characteristic features? Write as objectively as possible in both Chinese and European perspectives, give explanations and the reasons from the required books.

Required books: Christopher Dawson-Mission to Asia.

John Gregory- China and the West Since 1500

David Mungello: The Great Encounter of China and the West.1500-1800.

Marco PoloThe Travels of Marco Polo.Ronald Latham.trans.

Morris Rossabi: Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West.

Jonathan Spence-The Question of Hu.

Joanna Waley-Cohen- The Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History

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