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Freud supposed that adult problems stem from early childhood experiences and fixations due to poor advancement through the psychosexual phases. The advantages includes recognizing the importance of childhood on personality, psychologist have also found this theory less controversial. Objections include the overemphasis of sexuality and the past, difficulty to test the unconscious aspect of the personality (Santrock, 05).

The trait or five factor theory explains the broad durable dispositions that cause specific responses in various situations. Trait perspective claims that personality is constant across situations and time. Based on views of Allport and Eysenck, there is existence of five factors of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (OCEAN) crucial in prediction of physical and mental health (Santrock, 2005).The advantages are the ability to use reliable personality tests and viewing development of personality from biological perspective. Disadvantages include focus on broad dispositions instead of uniqueness of a person, being very descriptive and the tendency for biased self-reporting.

The humanistic theory focuses on people’s natural affinity for growth. Rogers’s view promoted unconditional positive regard, empathy and authenticity to enhance self-concept. Maslow described the hierarchy of human needs and concluded that people strive for self-actualization as the motivation to develop one’s full potential. Maslow emphasizes on self-esteem, a part of personality that individuals use to evaluate self-worth and self-image. Self-esteem is upgraded through achievements and coping (Santrock).The advantages include focusing attention on a healthy personality and giving insight of a person’s subjective view of reality. The negatives include being overly optimistic, excessive self-love and poor testability.

Socio- cognitive theory is based on Bandura’s theory