Defend or Refute ONE of the following statements.

1. Hinduism, as a religion, is most concerned with maintaining the social order of the caste system.

2. City-states, like (for example) those found in 5th c. BCE Greece, are ultimately ungovernable.

3. Islam provided Afroeurasia its first truly unifying force, spreading exclusively by military conquest.

4. The Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE), despite lasting only two rulers, fundamentally established all the norms of premodern Chinese governance.

Typically use Strayer and Nelson: Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources, Third ed. (MacMillan) for information on the topics