Question 1 

1. A study that compares the prevalence of high blood      pressure among current Massachusetts Turnpike toll booth collectors with      the current prevalence of high blood pressure of current Turnpike office      workers. What type of study is this?

 

a.

Case report

 

b.

Case series

 

c.

Cohort study

 

d.

Cross-sectional study

1.7 points

Question 2 

1. A strength of BOTH cross-sectional and an ecological      studies is:

 

a.

good for early stage of knowledge

 

b.

good for individual- level effects

 

c.

temporal sequence is   maintained

 

d.

exposure and effect occur in the   same person

1.7 points

Question 3 

1. The Health Professionals Cohort Study began in 2005 in      order to evaluate a series of hypotheses about men’s health relating      nutritional factors to the incidence of serious illnesses such as cancer,      heart disease, and other vascular diseases. Every two years, members of      the study will receive surveys with questions about diseases and      health-related topics like smoking, physical activity, and medications      taken. The surveys that ask detailed dietary information will be      administered in four-year intervals. What kind of cohort study is      this?

 

a.

Retrospective

 

b.

Prospective

 

c.

Ambidirectional

1.6 points

Question 4 

1. An analysis that includes all subjects who were      randomized to the treatment and comparison groups, regardless of whether      they received or completed their assigned study protocol.

 

a.

Run-in period

 

b.

Efficacy Analysis

 

c.

Comparability

 

d.

Intent-to-treat analysis

1.7 points

Question 5 

1. What is the primary objective of any case-control or      cohort study?

 

a.

A well-designed experimental   study.

 

b.

Accurate randomization of the   intervention.

 

c.

Adjustment for the time sequence   of events.

 

d.

A valid result.

1.7 points

Question 6 

1. Which study design is most appropriate to study      multiple outcomes from a single exposure?

 

a.

Cross-sectional

 

b.

Cohort

 

c.

Case-control

 

d.

Ecological

1.7 points

Question 7 

1. A case-control study is most efficient design for      studying the health effects of rare exposures.

True

False

1.6 points

Question 8 

1. The ecological fallacy states that associations seen on      the group level will not necessarily be present on the individual level.

True

False

1.6 points

Question 9 

1. A major advantage of a randomized clinical trial is      that it rules out self-selection of patients to the different treatment      groups.

True

False

1.6 points

Question 10 

1. An experimental study was conducted among adults with      Type 2 diabetes in order to determine if a new medication was more      effective in reducing blood glucose levels than the currently used      medication. What type of experimental study is this?

 

a.

Individual preventive

 

b.

Individual therapeutic

 

c.

Community preventive

 

d.

Community therapeutic

1.7 points

Question 11 

1. Which of the following techniques used in experimental      studies can be directly applied in cohort studies (choose all that apply)?

 

a.

Randomization

 

b.

Placebos

 

c.

Blinding

 

d.

Run-in period

1.7 points

Question 12 

1. A study was done to determine whether the amount of      money spent on soft drinks was related to mortality from diabetes. The      investigators collected data on per capita (average per person) soft drink      consumption in ten US states and examined its relationship to mortality      rates from diabetes in those ten states. In order to calculate per capita      sales they gathered annual data on soft drink sales from commerce records      and then divided these figures by the state’s population from the most      recent census. The mortality data were gathered from the vital records      department in each state. What type of study is this?

 

a.

Ecological Study

 

b.

Case-control study

 

c.

Cross-sectional study

 

d.

Cohort study

1.7 points

Question 13 

1. What sources can be used to identify controls for a      case-control study?

 

a.

General population

 

b.

Hospital/clinic patients

 

c.

Friends and relatives

 

d.

All of the above

1.7 points

Question 14 

1. When is it desirable to use a case-control study      (choose all that apply)?

 

a.

When the disease is rare

 

b.

When little is known about the   disease

 

c.

When the disease has a short   latent period

1.7 points

Question 15 

1. What is the purpose of the control group in a      case-control study?

 

a.

To provide information on the   disease distribution in the population that gave rise to the cases

 

b.

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